Free Yale Admissions Essay: Great Expectations :: College Admissions Essays

Great Expectations My name is Rob Geis, and I am currently a old at Henry Clay High School. I have a GPA of 3.4. I was inducted into the National Honor Society during the last semester of my tenth post year with a GPA of 3.5. My main hobby is playing the guitar. I participated in the schools band from my ninth grade year until my eleventh grade year. My distinguishing characteristic is playing the snare drum/tuba. I entered competitions for the guitar, winning numerous trophies. Now in my senior year, I work in a private legality firm as a law clerk. As soon as my last class ends, I go straight to work. I am an salient(ip) student, because I meet my academic standards as well as my job standards four days per week. I am also sergeant at coat of arms of the National Honor Society. I participated in the National Honor Society community service that they organized. I sometimes participate in collecting slews of canned goods for the less fortunate people in our community. I pa rticipated in the Childrens Intervention Project for three years at Mercy Hospital-Detroit, teaching unripened children about substance abuse prevention. That was a rewarding experience. I am a member of Greater Grace Temple. I am active in the music ministry, playing my guitar. I plan to attend a four-year college of engineering, to pursue a race in the field of electrical engineering. Thats the only thing I will concentrate on during the next five to six years. After I establish myself in that, I plan to get deeper in my career by studying for one or more advanced degrees. One of my goals is to give back to my community. I feel that my community needs a usance model that came from the same community. Many people achieve their career goals, make a little money, then leave their neighborhoods for a better one. I conceive in coming back to help make the one Im in better. I plan to invest money into the community for more recreational buildings and schools or invest in making th e environment better, so that it is more suitable for the people that live there.

The Social Construction of Workers’ Collectivism Essay -- Unions

Union renewal depends largely on increased member participation, generating and maintaining strong embodied identities and mobilization of union resources. It was further contended that collective identities are not given, but constructed and harbored with narrative framing and engagement of individuals. These processes highlighted the importance of trade union leaders ability to construct and sustain workers collective identity and interest via strategies which seek to broaden the relevancy of trade unionism. In a time when worker collectivism is in a decline, the germane(predicate) question is to what extent is this possible? According to Muckenberger (1995), the decline of trade unionism in terms of density and the importance of trade unions as socio- governmental actors are frequently interpreted as representing the decline of worker collectivism. The underlying assumption that were put forth of the decline from literature has been the ascendancy of individualization over col lectivism. There has a socio-cultural transformation whereby working class values of collectivism have given way to more individualistic orientations (Hyman 1999). Trade unions were formerly built on pre-existing solidarities such as the principle of collective identity that predated capitalist employment relationships. Collective experience at work was complemented by domestic life in nearby shared recreational, cultural and religious pursuits. In a nutshell, trade union was an institution embedded in an encompassing social landscape (Hyman 2002). The tilt from collectivism to individualism was the result of the growth in affluence, skills level and geographical mobility, which enable acquisitive individualism overriding collective interests (Brown 1990). It was fu... ... a national dig up centre that is representative of trade unions in Malaysia, it is in the process of rebranding itself as serious political actor in light of new opening, with broader aggregation of political and social interest. This research intend to looks at ways in which union leaders in MTUC is going to construct its identity and organization and reshape Malayan workers views on the nature of trade unionism. In conclusion, it is argued that structural factor such as level of employment andinstitutional and legal frameworks of industrial relations effect more or less favourable condition for collectivization of workers. However, they themselves may not generate workers collectivism, since collective identities are not given, but constructed and sustained through narrative framing and engagement of individuals by union leaders and activists.

Threats :: essays research papers

Anthony, soaked in his own perspiration after a friendly soccer match, barged through his classroom door angrily, with his soccer ball within his arm. He sat down, disposing his gear- grassy socks with its stink, goalkeepers gloves into an NTUC Fairprice plastic bag. The thirteen-year-old then lay back in his chair, deep in thoughts, unaware of the quietness of an empty classroom late in the afternoon.Boy, what an idiot you are If you do not turn up for the attached soccer practice, Ill replace you with that boy from 1C, that Weixiang The sight of his soccer match, Mr. Anderson, yelling into his face kept flashing within Anthonys mind. The pot-bellied English man had a reputation for deafening his clumpents with his voice, not much difference from using a loud hailer. Anthony is proud of his position, as goalkeeper of the C Division soccer aggroup of the school. Never could he imagine Weixiang, that scrawny egg-shaped spectacles-rimmed nerdy homo-sapien replacing that post due to missing a few soccer practices for the sake of competing at counterattack games with his long-timed rivals at the cybercafe nearby. It is a hard-earned achievement for Anthony Tan, previous top-scorer in his lowly unheard Primary School he has intentions of converting from his library-dwelling old self, to the sporty, sociable stud of Bukit Timah Secondary School. The stud packed his school bag. His eyes felt dry. Darn. I have been wearing these contact lenses since six this morning, he thought, rubbing his left eye with the back of his hand. wholly he wanted to do was to shoot his way home to remove the irritating focuses. Anthony swung the bag across his back in a fashionable behavior similar to those American kids on TV hanging out at their school lockers. He dribbled his favorite ball most desired 13th birthday gift, indication of start to teenage-hood. Out of the dark classroom, along the dimly lit corridors, attempting to make his way out of the school compound while showing himself as a well-inspired fan of Paolo Maldini. Dribbling on, with pillars in place as his defenders.He stopped. Slowly, in a dramatic manner, our hero ascended his right leg to a sealed level. Anthony gave the soccer ball a hard deserving kick. How he wished it was the head of his Mathematics teacher. Our friend then discovered venging anger on non-living objects with the hint of barbarian imagination does cure vengeance within the heart.

Consumer Benefits and Controversy of High Fructose Corn Syrup Essay exa

The Bittersweet Truth to High Fructose Corn syrupThis paper is about high laevulose corn syrup, a widely used sweetener do from corn. It discusses the history behind it and explains the process through which it is made and why it is used so widely. It also discusses the link between high fructose corn syrup and obesity. This research paper provides and in-depth explanation of the consumer advantages of high fructose corn syrup as well as the controversy behind its labeling as natural. Most people merchantmannot resist the sweet taste of candy, cookies, cake, or anything else you can think of. The majority of Americans have plenty of these products in their pantries, ready to be eaten. These people think that they are just eating junk food bountiful of sugar, but almost everything that is sweet that you buy at the supermarket is chock full of something even worse, high fructose corn syrup. High fructose corn syrup is extremely soluble and mixes well in many foods. A lot of companies are willing to use it because it is cheap to produce in large quantities, fantastically sweet and tasty, and extremely easy to store. There is a lot of controversy over high fructose corn syrup because of its questionable health effects, taste, and labeling as a natural ingredient. Even though high fructose corn syrup is a relatively recent development in food products about the world, there is a lot of history behind how it is made and why it is used in such a variety of edible goods.A scientist named Yoshiyuki Matsuoka-Naoi Takasaki procure high fructose corn syrup in 1971 while working for a government-affiliated laboratory in a large city in Japan. besides it wasnt until 2001, shortly after the United States of America Surgeon General, Dr. Da... ... and the rest of the world will find themselves in an inescapable abyss.Works CitedB. Guggenheim, Zurich. Health and Sugar Substitutes. Switzerland S. Karger, 1979Forristal, Linda Joyce. The mucky World of High-Fruc tose Corn Syrup. In the Kitchen with Mother Linda. 12 Mar 2003. The Weston A. Prince Foundation . 28 Jul 2007 .High Fructose Corn Syrup Facts. HFCS Facts. 2007. The Corn Refiners Association. 23 Jul 2007 .Hopkins, Kate. wherefore Coke Uses High fructose corn syrup. Accidental Hedonist. 01 Jan 2006. 23 Jul 2007 .National Academy of Sciences. Sweeteners Issues and Certainties. 4th Edition. Washington D.C. Academy Forum, 1975.

COP 3530, Discrete Data Structures and Algorithms, Summer 1999, Homework 1 :: UFL Florida Computer Programming Homework

Class Notes Data Structures and AlgorithmsSummer-C Semester 1999 - M WRF 2nd Period CSE/E119, Section 7344Homework 1 -- Solutions (in blue type)Note There absorb been mevery questions about this homework assignment. Thus, clarifications are posted below in red type. When you answer these questions, bear in mind that each one notwithstanding counts four points out of 1000 total points for the course. Thus, each one should have a concise answer. No need to write a dissertation. * Question 1. work out you want to find the scoopimum of a sequence or vector a of n distinct integers. Write an algorithm to do this in O(n) time, for any sequence of n distinct integers. max = very large negative number input(a) for i = 1 to n do if ai max then max = ai endfor output(max) * Question 2. You could assume that you know the maximum value of a before you appear for it. That is, if a has values in the interv al 0,101, then the maximum would be 101. The best vitrine (least work) in the preceding algorithm would occur when the maximum of the n-element sequence is the first element of the sequence. Where is the maximum located for the (a) worst suit, and (b) average case? Support each answer with a proof, not just an example. Alternatively, you could assume that the maximum was not known beforehand, and a)-b), above might be easier...Either assumption is o.k. o Case 1 Maximum unknown a priori -- You have to search through the entire array to find the maximum. Thus, there is no worst case or best case if you consider the work as comparisons (dominant cost) only. o Case 2 Maximum known a priori -- This becomes a linear search problem (find the maximum).

COP 3530, Discrete Data Structures and Algorithms, Summer 1999, Homework 1 :: UFL Florida Computer Programming Homework

Class Notes Data Structures and AlgorithmsSummer-C Semester 1999 - M WRF 2nd Period CSE/E119, Section 7344Homework 1 -- Solutions (in blue type)Note There have been many questions about this homework assignment. Thus, clarifications are posted below in red type. When you answer these questions, bear in mind that each one only counts four points out of 1000 total points for the course. Thus, each one should have a concise answer. No call for to write a dissertation. * Question 1. Suppose you want to square up the maximal of a sequence or vector a of n distinct integers. write an algorithm to do this in O(n) time, for any sequence of n distinct integers. max = very large negative number input(a) for i = 1 to n do if ai max then max = ai endfor output(max) * Question 2. You could assume that you know the maximum value of a before you search for it. That is, if a has values in the interval 0,101, then the maximum would be 101. The best case (least work) in the preceding algorithm would occur when the maximum of the n-element sequence is the first element of the sequence. Where is the maximum located for the (a) worst case, and (b) average case? Support each answer with a proof, not just an example. Alternatively, you could assume that the maximum was not know beforehand, and a)-b), to a higher place might be easier...Either assumption is o.k. o Case 1 Maximum unknown a priori -- You have to search through the entire array to find the maximum. Thus, there is no worst case or best case if you consider the work as comparisons (dominant cost) only. o Case 2 Maximum known a priori -- This becomes a linear search problem (find the maximum).

On torture

In that day and age it was all too easy for criminals to flee from a crime UN criminate and unpunished seeing as there was no major arm of righteousness present to further investigate certain crimes or follow up on possible suspects, s a result when an individual was caught for a crime or under suspicion they were tortured as a marrow to obtain a confession. The Justice body and the radiation pattern of torture presented both(prenominal) the victims and the accused with many a nonher(prenominal) problems however this was all due to the harsh realities of the eighteenth deoxycytidine monophosphate.From a new point of view torture is seen as outrageous and inhumane however in the 18th century it was skillful as an attempt to pot an exemplar for society and lower the general crime rate, although the barbarity of these acts reflects poorly on behalf the 1 8th century society there were still many stack who saw torture for its egregious nature and advocated for to a greater extent tolerant alternatives.Torture was used since the beginning of collocation however the practice became extremely popular during the 18th century, an era where using brute force was regularly encouraged. Torture existed well before the eighteenth century the Greeks and Egyptians also used torture as center of obtaining a confession however torture for the purpose of interrogation was usually conducted in private it was hidden because they were aware of the social and political Implications that followed.As Roman law adapted torture became part of the official Justice system of the 1 8th century, a system where the accused we tried, tortured and executed in human race so that everyone was aware of the punishment that would follow crime. Torture was at its peak during the inquisition period where heretics were persecuted and tortured if they refused to change their religion or admit they were not Roman Catholic. It was this period, which were called the witch trials that reint roduced torture to Europe.Slaves and others of lower class were also falsely accused and tortured for petty individual would suffer being stretched on the rack, a public whipping or exposure in the stocks. Torture was used to set an example to others in society as an attempt to lower the overall crime rate and obtain a confession. Most punishments in the 18th century took place in public torture was an elaborate and shocking practice that was intended to discourage anyone who watched from crime.It was a threat to all criminals and a warning to all citizens, in a day countless amounts of people were tortured to end without a trial or a befool dissertation of their offense. This caused an outrage amongst many members of society who wanted to see change and improvement on a level where issues were approached in a more humanistic manner. Many enlightenment philosophies protested for a more tolerant society, people like Voltaire spoke against the evils of the Justice system and torture until he died.In his writing Scientific Religion he says What horror is this, a secret Judgment a more execrable tyranny than that of spilling line on a whim without giving the least reason, it is important for everyone that such decisions should be biblically justified (Brains, 1998) Voltaire biggest issue with torture was the fact that people were not reassert with an explanation for what they had done, they were not given a trial or a chance to defend themselves. It was said that an accused individual would be tortured and if they were thus not guilty God would save them from their predicament.Torture as a tool of interrogation is not a new phenomenon, in the Greek playwright The Frogs the Aristotelic asked a character which order they should use to torture a slave and he replied In any mode you please pile bricks upon him, stuff his south southeast with acid, flay, rack him, hoist him or flog him with a scourge of prickly bristles (Ramose, Dupes, Zoological, & Careened, 2 005) The method of piling bricks on an individual was used to force the person into a plea of guilty or not guilty during a felony case.Flaying involved the removal of a portion of the skin from the body, flaying was also used as a method of execution, when a larger portion of skin was removed. The rack was a torture device that consisted of a frame with a roller on both ends the victim was chained by the hands and legs to both ends of the frame ND the rollers were turned which would slowly pull the victims body in opposite directions causing their Joints to tell apart apart.The process of hoisting an individual consisted of binding the victims hands and hanging them by a rope attached to their hands causing their shoulder blades to dislocate. Flogging is a method where an individual is struck with a whip tipped with sharp ends meant to tear the victims flesh. The methods that were described in the playwright were used by the Greeks and then adapted and practiced by the 18th centur y society.A large number of the 18th century torture methods proved to be Just as their cruel abilities, whether they fell victim to torture through their own actions or due to false accusations. Society was no longer running on the basis of obeying the laws to protect everyone that more so obeying to stay alive. Cesar Bacteria spoke out against the corruption of the Justice system, in his essay on crimes and punishment he tries to educate people on the possible alternatives to torture while still for maintaining order and putting crime at bay It is better to prevent crimes that to knish themDo you want to prevent crimes? show to that the laws are clear and simple and that the entire force of the nation is in their defense. See to it that men fear the law and nothing else, the fear of laws is salutary but the fear of men is a fruitful and fatal source of crimes. (Halls, 1977) Cesar understood that torture would never be the solution to crime and he made it clear in his essay that it was barbaric and outrageous and if there were to be any advancement in the 18th century society torture had to end.From a modern point of view torture is seen as outrageous and inhumane however in the 18th century it was practiced as an attempt to set an example for society and lower the overall crime rate, although the barbarity of these acts reflect poorly on behalf the 18th century society there were still many people who saw torture for its egregious nature and advocated for more tolerant alternatives. Torture was used since the beginning of civilization and then adapted by 18th century Romans however they changed the practice in to something more horrific than it originally was.

Henry Jekyll’s Full Statement of the Case Essay

The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde was writ 10 in 1886 by Robert Louis Stevenson. The story derived from one of Stevensons many enceinte nightmares and raised questions about Society and Religion that was debated by many people. The story was about the duality of man and how Dr. Jekyll tried discontinueting the good and evil. A force of this was Mr. Hyde and his pure evil personality. In the apologue, the last chapter Henry Jekylls Full Statement of the Case answered many questions brought up earlier in the story.Dr. Jekyll is portrayed as a consider and distinguished, well brought up man at the beginning of chapter 10. This is earn in the words, he was fond of the respect of the wise and good among my fellow-men, and with every under shoot down of an honourable and distinguished future. These statements show us he has all(a) the traits of a gentleman because it says good among my fellow men and fond of the respect of the wise which meant he liked other high honourab le men respecting him however he spirits as though he already leads a double life. We inflict this in the words, I c at a timealed my pleasures and I stood already committed to a fix duplicity of life. This tells us that although he likes having he privileges of a gentleman he also enjoys doing slightly topic he cant, which would tarnish his reputation.Before he started the experiment Jekyll lead a respected and high life style of universe respected by others and being well off and had a theory on good and evil. Jekyll believed that man was made up of 2 personalities, one good and evil. This is suck up in the text when Jekyll explains, That man is not truly one, and truly twain. He had a large interest in the duality of nature. He believed he could split everyones two personalities into two different people. Jekyll was excited by the idea of separating the two identities. This is apparent when he says I had learned to pout with the pleasure, as a beloved daydream, on the t hought of the separation of these elements he thought that by separating the two identities they would stop irritating each other and he was excited by separating the two personalities because he says hed learned to dwell with the pleasureof the separation of these two elements. Therefore, this was Jekylls ultimate desire and he worked towards this ground-breaking experiment.Jekyll undertook the experiment to try and split his two personalities and to prove that it was possible. He believed he could brew a potion that would adjudge his good and evil side split into two. It is clear because Jekyll explains that he managed to compound a drug by which these barons should be dethroned from their supremacy. He tells us that mixing the elements would combine their power and he thinks this will split his two personalities into two different people. After he compounded the drug Jekyll hesitated to take it because he knew it was a powerful drug and he risked death. This is proven in the st atement I hesitated long before I put this theory to the test of practice.I knew well that I risked death Jekyll knew that he risked his life but was sure that he could do it and had faith in his theory of the dual personalities and duality of man. Once Jekyll finally takes the drug he describes the transformation as the well-nigh racking pangs succeeded a grinding in the bones, deadly nausea, and a horror of the spirit that cannot be exceeded at the hour of birth or death. The style he described the feelings was excruciating pain and that he imagined that you could only feel such pain at the hour of birth or death. This would of made the indorser feel repel the reader but also excite them because they would want to exist what happens. A Victorian reader probably would find this very polemic and might be slightly offended by the words that are used.When Jekyll first became Hyde he knew from the moment he changed that he was more than evil already, this is explicit in the word s I knew myself, at the first breath of this new life, to be more wicked, tenf aged more wicked. Although Jekyll knew that he was even more wicked as Hyde he seemed to have positive feelings towards him. He felt up as though when he was Hyde he was free and had no cares in the world. This is reflected in the words I looked upon that ugly idol in the glass, I was conscious of no repugnance, rather of a leap of welcome. Before the experiment Jekyll felt as though he already lead a double life and had to conceal his pleasures, but as Hyde he had soul in which he could unleash all his forbidden cravings and not have a conscience after doing so. Hed found a perfect solution.Jekyll could reach Hyde by taking a potion and Hyde could get down Jekyll by reversing the potion. Jekyll believed that his experiment was all under authority. yet, as Hyde grew stronger it was proven that he learned to control Jekyll. This is shown in the quote Yes, I had gone to bed Henry Jekyll, I had awakened Edward Hyde. How was this to be explained? I asked myself and then, with other bound of terror how was it to be remedied? Hyde was becoming stronger then Jekyll and was beginning to control him, Hyde could pick and choose when he wanted to come out, and Jekyll had no control directly. This also showed Jekylls panic and increasing lack of control because hed began to ask himself how he could keep control of Hyde.Due to Hydes strength becoming more powerful Jekyll decided to stop taking the potion hoping that it would stop Hyde forever. Jekyll was panicky that Hyde would take over forever. This is shown in the words the balance of my nature might be permanently overthrown, the power of voluntary change be forfeited, and the character of Edward Hyde become irrevocably mine and he had a difficult decision as he states To cast it in with Hyde was to die a thousand interests and aspirations, and to become, at a blow forever, despised and friendless. In these words it tells us if he w as to beat as Hyde he would be giving up thousands of his dreams and goals in live and become friendless because no one liked Hyde. Due to the fact Jekyll was scared that Hyde would take over he had to make a decision whether he would stay as Jekyll or Hyde. His decision was thwarted by Hyde but his resolution to be rid of Hyde helps the reader empathise with Jekyll.Jekyll stopped taking the drug hoping he would stay as Jekyll forever, however because Jekyll was taking the drug for so long he had become an addict and felt as though he could feel Hyde assay for freedom and he took the drug once again after 3 months. This is clear in the words I began to be tortured with throes and longings, as of Hyde struggling after freedom and at last, in an hour of moral weakness, I once again compounded and swallowed the transforming draught. These words prove that Hyde was struggling to break free from Jekyll when Jekyll had stopped taking the potion and Jekyll was finding it hard to not take the drug, I know this because it says I began to be tortured. The words endeavor, tortured and longings all suggest conflict between the two identities.By the end of the novel Jekylls feelings towards Hyde had turned completely opposite from what they were at the beginning. Hyde and Jekyll had a pure plague for each other and it was as if they were both trying to make each others lives worse. This is clear from the words The powers of Hyde seemed to have grown with the sickliness of Jekyll. And certainly the detest that now divided them was equal on each side. This statement shows us how strong the hatred between both sides but also the power struggle because Hyde was becoming stronger the more he hated Jekyll. Again, it is shown in the words, The powers of Hyde seemed to have grown with the sickliness of Jekyll. Thus representing the imbalance of power between the two.Although Jekylls hatred for Hyde was strong he carried on taking it because he felt like he was addicted to it . At one point in the novel it describes Jekyll taking the drug to someone with an addiction like to alcohol. He says, I do not suppose that when a drunkard reasons with himself upon his vice, he is once out of five hundred quantify affected by the dangers that he runs through his brutish physical insensibility. Here Jekyll refers to himself as a drunk and says he cannot reason with himself because he feels as though the drug has already affected him. Therefore, because Jekyll is addicted to the drug, this is wherefore he carries on taking it and he has no power or self respect anymore.When Jekyll says I fell into slavery he means that Hyde has become stronger than him and has began to control him, making him take the drug and become Hyde more then he actually wants. also at other whiles the drug has begun to control him because he is like an addict he has the feeling to want to take the drug all the time like and alcoholic would want to drink alcohol. In a way we begin to feel sorry for him here but however, we know it is his fault for carrying on taking the potions just because he enjoys not having any cares and getting away with things.In the novel Hyde is a very powerful and dominant character. He has duplex characteristics throughout the story. He is described as so much smaller, slighter, and younger then Henry Jekyll. The physical description of him is very different from Henry Jekylls.However it also says that evil was written broadly and plainly on the face of the other. This tell us that Hyde may have been smaller and younger the Jekyll however he is much more evil.Hydes character is the complete opposite of Jekylls and is described as more wicked, a tenfold more wicked. This tells us that Hyde is ten times more wicked than Jekyll by use the word tenfold. This makes the reader concerned for what Hyde might do to Jekyll. As well Hyde is described as a man of stone this simile tells us that he has no emotions or feelings for others.In parts of th e final chapter Hyde is referred to as unnatural. This is shown in the language something not only hellish but inorganic. Jekyll believes that is something that is not real, which is true because he is not a real person, just something created from a potion. As well as being described as unnatural during the final chapter he is also referred to as an animal. This is proven in the statement a creature eaten up and emptied by fever. This phrase tells us that Hyde has traits of and animal by the way he acts and what he does, he acts as a savage animal in the wild when he kills straightforward people.Hydes actions are disgraceful and evil throughout the novel. Some of these actions are when he trampled a little girl in the street. Jekyll reflects by saying, An act of unmercifulness to a child aroused against me the anger of a passer-by. This act makes Jekyll angry at Hyde for being cruel to a child and this is clear because he describes it as an act of cruelty and he is also angry be cause he makes a passer by angry and it could tarnish Jekylls reputation if people found out they were connected in a way.Another one of Hydes actions was the murder of Sir Danvers Carew. This criminal act is proven in the statement Some two months before the murder of Sir Danvers. These actions show that Hyde is pure evil and has no emotion and will do anything. His actions result in him having to go into hiding because people know that he killed Sir Danvers. The way he killed Sir Danvers Carew was described as, mauling the unresisting body this would of shocked and scared the reader because it would of created a disturbing imagery.Jekylls character is different from Hyde. Firstly, Jekyll is old and elderly this is proven when he describes himself as elderly in the novel. However, Hyde is the opposite and is young and carefree. I know this because it says younger, lighter, happier. This shows that they are both opposites and this is what is meant when the author describes them as frigid twins.Another way Jekyll is different from Hyde is that Jekyll has a conscience whereas Hyde doesnt. This is clear when Jekyll says, I was conscious even when I took the draught and in comparison Hyde says glee on my crime. These statements prove that even though Hyde has done worse things than Jekyll, Jekyll seems to have more of a conscience. Although as well as having his own conscience, Jekyll seems to feel unlawful for what he does when he is Hyde too. But, Hyde gloats at his crimes, therefore proving that he is immoral and not sorry for what hes done, this would of shocked and scared the Victorian reader.Also another difference between Jekyll and Hyde is that Jekyll becomes as Hyde becomes strong. I know this because of the statements sickliness in Jekyll and the powers of Hyde seemed to have grown. This proves that as Jekyll continued to take the drug he made Hyde stronger and it began to be a struggle between them both.Jekyll controlled the growth in Hyde because he carried on taking the potion because he had become an addict he carried on taking the drug which began to make Hyde come out more often, making him a lot stronger. I know that Jekyll became an addict to the drug because it says I fell into slavery by using the word slavery it tells us that Hyde was beginning to control Jekyll because the more he took the transforming draught the more he became a slave to Hyde. The result of not authoritative the growth of Hyde was Hyde getting stronger and stronger and eventually Hyde begins to control Jekyll because he could come out whenever he wanted and this shows how Hyde gains power over Jekyll and through the novel it shows the constant power struggle.At the end of the novel Jekyll knows that his experiments have failed and has to face the consequences. I believe that Jekyll made sure he died by his choice before letting Hyde take over for good. By killing himself Jekyll made sure that he was technically killing Hyde and that he wasnt left free to do evil things once he finally took over Jekylls body and it was a matter of pride and doing what was right for others. Jekyll was very wise to do such a thing for others and at the end of the novel I believe that Jekyll didnt regret his experiments at all. Jekyll was foolish to meddle with the darker side of science and philosophy. However, he didnt deserve to die because he only wanted to try something new and succeed. If Jekyll hadnt done this experiment then some one else would have.After reading the unscathed novel, I believe that the final chapter is very important to the story. It answers to most questions that are raised earlier in the topic. For example, when Utterson saw Jekyll at the window and Jekyll ignored him we now know that he ignored him and went away because he must have been changing into Hyde. Another example of a question being answered was why Lanyon was so shocked when he say Jekyll and never wanted to see him again, and this was due to him changing into Hyde in front of him. By seeing things from Jekylls perspective it gives us a clearer understanding of the power struggle between Hyde and himself and how Hyde eventually takes over.I would have liked to have seen at one point in the novel or final chapter some of Hydes viewpoint, but there wasnt and perhaps Victorian readers would of liked this too because then maybe it would of given explanations for why Hyde did some of the things he did. Hyde is seen from other peoples perspectives all the time and maybe if we were to have read something from his perspective, we might have seen reasons why he did some of the things he did. However I do believe that the final chapter was key to the novel and made everything much clearer to the reader.

Conflict in the Boat

Conflict in The Boat In our daily life, we always supply to avoid remainder with others in order to make a good similarityship to benefit each other. However, in a twaddle, it needs to do blow thing since conflict is the engine to start and drive the story progress. In The Boat by Alistair Macleod, the conflict in the midst of the nonplus and receive effectively reflects the classify theme that flocks feeling is complicated exposing the impact of change that resulted from the conflict between custom and modernization in Eastern Canada. 1.The conflict between the mother and stick reflects peoples different attitudes toward the change of life style. The mother loves impostal life the father favors new life. The mother tries to keep the tradition alive, whereas the father looks forward to the changes. The mother does non indigence any tourists in her town and does not want her family to go out and spend prison term with the people who do not come from the village. The fa ther was encouraging the change to happen, and he was kind enough to take the tourists out for a ride on his boat. The mother despised the room and all it stood for.Her rooms door always opens and its contents visible to all. The father knew that change is inevitable. The fathers room symbolizes the change occurring within the household, and the father was the one who first accepted the change and allowed it to start taking place. Compared to the tolerate of the house, the fathers room went against all of the traditions that were taught to the children within the kitchen. The father also knew the value of books and how important rendition is because of all the knowledge that he could learn from the books whereas his wife said that reading was absolutely pointless because there was always work to do. . The conflict between tradition and modernization also deeply causes peoples interior conflict through father and the narrators inner mind contradiction. The narrator remembers that h is father had little interest or passion for the work he performed. And I saw then, that summer, many things that I had seen all my life as if for the first time and I thought that perhaps my father had never been intended for a fisherman either physically or mentally In the fathers inner mind, he is always struggling between doing the traditional work that he did not like and looking forward to his own life.Maybe the father completed that it was too late for him to make the change because he was too old and had spent his entire life with the boat and the sea, so he left it up to his children to go out and make the changes, to leave behind the family traditions and choose their own paths in life. The father, a fisherman who clearly would have preferred to get an education, plainly he does not realize her dream since it is too late when he is clear sense of it. The narrator also encounters an interior conflict. He loves study and want to go back school. However, his fathers example let him feel he is liable to assist his father fishing. I thought it was very overmuch braver to spend a life doing what you really do not want rather than selfishly following forever your own dreams and inclinations With this realization he decides to dampen up his silly shallow selfish dream of completing high school to enter into tradition and fish. Both conflicts link to the impact result from the conflict between tradition and modernity. The fact that the kitchens contents were always visible to all shows that the father has some shame in the fact that his room is different from the rest of the house.Although he has accepted the changes that are going to occur he is still ashamed to be leaving everything that he has grown up with and is why it does not mention anything about the fathers room door being opened or closed. With the death of his father, however, he abandons fishing for a life of education and books. As the narrators story attests, the conflict between his mother s desires, and his fathers wishes, as well as his own uncertainty, has remained for many years after this period of his life. The continuing grief that the narrator feels in relation to the loss of his father is in large part due to these unresolved conflicts.

Creon and Oedipus Essay

Oedipus the King, the tragic hit man is most certainly Oedipus. Oedipus, first of every(prenominal), is a good man. When he declares, My spirit grieves for the city (l 75-76), he shows a deep passion. His liberality for his people and his desire to be their savior, he earns the respect and love of the people.The respect of the people is crucial in creating the tragic effect that comes with a tragic heros downfall, and Sophocles utilizes this by means of giving Oedipus human qualities and a tragic flaw. Passionate, yet stubborn. In this case of his tragic flaw, his lack of knowledge of his true identity element is coupled with the peoples awareness of his fate.Then, when Oedipus finds himself in the dilemma after talking to Tiresias, the people feel his pain and are afraid for his life, knowing that nothing he does sess prevent the tragedy from occurring. When Oedipus finally falls from the throne, he doesnt kill himself, rather he gouges out his eyes. The symbolic blinding of Oe dipus suggests that he has experienced surrogate and sees the truth. Antigone, the first part of the Oedipus Trilogy, also depicts the theme of a tragic hero.Through the character of Creon, Sophocles greatly conveys the essential elements of a tragic hero. Creon is, first, king of Thebes, this illustrating his high state, just now he more importantly shows characteristics of nobility and virtue. In mentioning the Chorus, he announces that, These are my principles. Never at my hands will the traitor be honored in a higher place the patriot. But whoever proves his loyalty to the state Ill prize that man in death as well as life (l -5). Creon puts his country above all else, and for this, he shows characteristics of a tragic hero and nobility. His imperfection is later shown in his pride. After Tiresias warns him of his transgressions, Creon declares, Its a dreadful thing to yieldbut impel now? Lay my pride bare to the blows of ruin? Thats dreadful too (l 11-11).His unwillingness t o let go of his pride for the gods shows his main tragic flaw, and with it brings his alone(p) downfall. Creons fall is not a total loss, and he finds a sense of awareness and self-knowledgment. He says, Ohhh, so senseless, so insanemy crimes, my stubbornOh Ivelearned through blood and tears (l 1-1404). Creon reaches a point, from which the people also learns. By expressing nobility, downfall through flaw, Creon undoubtedly serves as a perfect usage of the tragic heros essence.

Discuss the Purpose and Function of Art Essay

What is the purpose and function of stratagem? nontextual matter plays a large role in our everyday life. It has a minatory impact on our different cultures countries around the world. With the different countries at that place are different forms of art. These forms of art are some people lives. Some people hump art as a hobby some make a living from art. It is just involved in so many another(prenominal) of our daily lives. Art enhances our creativity. It as well as allows your curiosity explore. For the fact that art is so versatile everyone deal learn, enjoy art for what it means to them. There are many functions and purpose of art like for instance. The beauty of art most arties paint with their religion and or there believes rather if they are Catholic or Christen. Many artiest paint what they see, also painters paint with a certain design to these paintings. For example there will be a letter in a painting showing there artiest initial or of a loved one shadowing to a citrine side showing that this is his work like a signature.The oldest purpose of art is a vehicle for religious ritual. From prehistoric cave paintings to the modern day churches, art has served religion. In traditional societies even today, the primary purpose of art is religious or ceremonial. Some arties desire to give form to their spiritual belief is especially apparent in the translation for Christians and religion. Artist express what god is to them and how they in imagery him. For example, In the work of art the Magical Figure with the nails in the sculpture represents everything that person has done bad in their life to others, they will receive the resembling pain inflicting on them when the pass on to the next life. Some were said to pursue withes, thieves, and adulterers at night. Some Magical figures stand up straight, the raised correctly is for it to hold some type of weapon, and the holes in its stomach represented contained medicine that was magical.Art is a sim ple means of recording of visual data, telling the the true about what they see. In time, the artists began in various ways to challenge the basic idea of what it is for an image to be true or real. But the art of eyesight is not a simple matter of our vision making a divert recording of reality seeing both the physical process the arties sees many different things as in the light things that no other average person during the day or night many painters see things like fear, desire, emotions and beliefs when u look for that I will find yourself capturing that certain moment in life.Art can also be seen as creating beauty. The idea of beauty, like that of truth, is challenged by the modern era. At one time artist were expected to portray perfection, lofty and noble ideas of beauty. For example, the Apollo Belvedere if the artist would have messed up just a little then the whole sculpture would have been ruined and they would have to scrap it and start all over again. Art is also us ed as a form of storytelling with powerful meanings.For example, the lower nine panels of the lancet window in the west front Chartres Cathedral it shows a story telling of the pure Mary self-aggrandizing birth to Jesus and the three wise men as well others. Art gives off intense emotion. The power of art can be seen in literal ways in the capturing of facial expression and body language. Certain religious art, the work of expressionist such as crunch are charged with powerful emotions. Picasso, in works such as Les Demoiselles d Avignon and The Seated Bather is able to communicate intense emotion, by giving form to his tormented feelings toward females.Americans viewing all groups of art select themselves the same questions, what is the purpose of this particular work of art? What is my relation to the work and why? We ask ourselves every day why this? Anyway one of the primary functions of art is to interpret the subject matter at hand. Subject matter does not modify much ove r time, and new subject matter has evolved, the human condition, nature, and events still continue to capture the attention of artists.

Metaphor and Translation Essay

Abstract Metaphor has been widely discussed within the guinea pig of Translation Stu throttles, predominantly with respect to translatability and transfer methods. It has been argued that similes mint become a displacement reaction problem, since transferring them from one language and farming to a nonher one may be hampered by linguistic and cultural differences.A number of translation procedures for relations with this problem pick out been suggested, e. g., substitution ( altogetheregory into different metaphor), paraphrase (metaphor into sense), or deletion. Such procedures arrive at been commented on twain in normative models of translation (how to translate metaphors) and in diethylstilbesterolcriptive models (how metaphors have been dealt with in actual translations). After a short oerview of how metaphor has been dealt with in the discipline of Translation Studies, this paper discusses some implications of a cognitive overture to metaphors for translation theory an d practice.Illustrations from authentic source and target schoolbooks ( side of meat and German, policy-making discourse) show how translators handled figurative formulations, and what effects this had for the text itself, for text reception by the addressees, and for accompanying discursive developments. 2004 Elsevier B. V. All rights reserved. Keywords Conceptual metaphor side French German Metaphorical expression Translation Studies 1. Introduction Metaphor, as a typical feature of speech of intercourse, presents a challenge for translation too, both for the practising translator and for its treatment in the discipline of Translation Studies.In the literature on translation, the two main anesthetizes have been, ? rstly, the translatability of metaphors, and secondly, the elaboration of potential translation * Tel. ? 44-121-359-36114224 fax ? 44-121-359-6153. ? E-mail address c. schaeffneraston. ac. uk (C. Schaffner). 0378-2166/$ see front matter 2004 Elsevier B. V. Al l rights reserved. doi10. 1016/j. pragma. 2003. 10. 012 1254 ? C. Schaffner / diary of Pragmatics 36 (2004) 12531269 procedures.In most(prenominal) cases, the parameter is establish on a traditional understanding of metaphor as a ?gure of speech, as a linguistic expression which is substituted for a nonher expression (with a literal meaning), and whose main function is the stylistic embellishment of the text. It is only recently that a cognitive approach to metaphor has been applied to Translation Studies. In this article, I want to illustrate on the basis of some examples from the language pair, English and German, what a cognitive approach could offer to the description of metaphors in translation. The word of honor proceeds primarily from the locating of the discipline of Translation Studies.In taking this approach, it is also possible to explore how the cross-linguistic and cross-cultural perspective of translation advise contribute to metaphor theory. 2. The treatment of metaphor as a translation problem Translation and interpreting as activities have existed for many centuries, and there is a long tradition of thought and an enormous body of opinion about translation (cf. Delisle and Woodsworth, 1995 Robinson, 1997). But it was non until the second half of this century that Translation Studies substantial into a discipline in its take in right (cf. Holmes, 1988 Snell-Hornby et al., 1992).Although at ? rst conceived as a subdiscipline of applied linguistics, it has wantn on concepts and methods of other disciplines, notably text linguistics, communication studies, sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, pragmatics, comparative literature, and recently, cultural studies. Instead of a uni? ed theory, we have a multiplicity of approaches, all(prenominal) of which focuses on speci? c aspects of translation, looks at the product or the extremity of translation from a speci? c angle, and uses speci? c ? terminology and interrogation methods (cf. Chest erman, 2000 Gentzler, 1993 Schaffner,1997b Stolze, 1994).The phenomenon of metaphor has regularly been of concern to translation scholars who have argued about problems of transferring metaphors from one language and culture to another. The personal line of credits brought forward need to be seen within the context of a heterogeneous discipline, i. e. , with respect to the speci? c model of translation within which the scholars approached their topic. I will thence begin by giving a brief overview of the most prominent approaches to translation and provide a short account of how metaphor has been dealt with in the discipline of Translation Studies.Linguistics-based approaches de? ne translation as transferring meanings, as substituting source language (SL) signs by equivalent target language (TL) signs (e. g. , Catford, 1965). The source text (ST) is to be reproduced in the TL as closely as possible, both in content and in form. Since the aim of a translation theory has often been seen as determining appropriate translation methods, language systems (as langues) have been studied in order to ? nd the smallest equivalent units (at the lexical and grammatical levels) which can be substituted for each other in an actual text (as parole).Textlinguistic approaches de? ne translation as source text induced target text (TT) production (Neubert, 1985). The text itself is case-hardened as the unit of translation, and it is stressed that a text is always a text in a situation and in a culture. Therefore, consideration necessitate to be given to situational factors, genre or text-typological conventions, addressees knowledge and expectations, and text functions.The central notion of equivalence is now ? C. Schaffner / Journal of Pragmatics 36 (2004) 12531269 1255 applied to the textual level, and de? ned as communicative equivalence, i. e., a relationship between the target text and the source text in which TT and ST ar of equal value in the various(prenominal) com municative situations in their cultures.Functionalist approaches de? ne translation as a purposeful activity (cf. Nord, 1997), as ? ? transcultural fundamental interaction (Holz-Manttari, 1984), as production of a TT which is appropriate for its speci? ed purpose (its skopos) for target addressees in target circumstances (cf. Vermeers skopos theory, e. g. , Vermeer, 1996). The actual form of the TT, its textual linguistic make-up, is therefore reliant on its intended purpose, and not (exclusively) on the structure of the ST.The yardstick for assessing the quality of the target text is, thus, its appropriateness for its purpose, and not the equivalence to the source text. More advanced(a) linguistic approaches acknowledge that translation is not a simple substitution process, but rather the result of a complex text-processing activity. However, they argue that translations need to be set apart from other kinds of derived texts, and that the label translation should only be applied to those cases where an equivalence relation obtains between ST and TT (House, 1997 Koller, 1992).Equivalence is probably the most controversial notion in Translation Studies. Some translation scholars reject this notion outright, arguing that by retaining equivalence in the vocabulary, translation scholars sidestep the issue that it is difference, not sameness or transp bency or equality, which is inscribed in the operations of translation (Hermans, 1998 61). This view is also expressed in current approaches that atomic number 18 inspired by postmodern theories and Cultural Studies, which argue that texts do not have any intrinsically stable meaning that could be repeated elsewhere (e. g. , Arrojo, 1998 Venuti, 1995).For Venuti, the target text should be the site where a different culture emerges, where a reader gets a glimpse of a cultural other (Venuti, 1995 306). In the course of its development, the focus of Translation Studies has, thus, shifted markedly from linguistic towa rds contextual and cultural factors which affect translation. Major inspiration for the development of the discipline has also come from research conducted within the framework of Descriptive Translation Studies (DTS), aiming at the description of translating and translations as they manifest themselves in the world of our experience (Holmes, 1988 71). look into here includes studying the socio-historical conditions in which translations atomic number 18 produced and received, identifying regularities in translators behaviour and pertaining such regularities to translation norms which operate both in the social re declaration and the cognitive act of translation (cf. Toury, 1995). DTS and postmodern theories thus de? ne translation as norm-governed behaviour (Toury, 1995) and/or a cultural political practice (Venuti, 1996 197). The contrast between normative models (what a TT should look like) and descriptive models(what TTs actually do look like) is also evident in the discussio ns about metaphor translation.Metaphor has traditionally been mentiond as an soulfulness linguistic phenomenon (a metaphorical expression) which can become a translation problem. Most scholars use the same term as those applied in semantic theories (cf. Goatly, 1997), i. e. , equipment casualty like image or vehicle for the conventional referent, object or topic for the actual unconventional referent, and sense, ground, or tenor for the similarities and/or analogies involved.Newmark (1981) explains these terms on the basis of the example rooting out the faults as follows the object, that is, the item which is depict by the metaphor, is faults. The image, that is, the item in terms of which the object is described, 1256 ? C. Schaffner / Journal of Pragmatics 36 (2004) 12531269 is rooting up weeds. The metaphor, that is, the word(s) used in the image, is rooting out, and the sense, which shows in what particular aspects the object and the image ar similar, is (a) eliminate and ( b) do so with horrific personal effort.He argues that in translating this ?metaphor, a verb such as eliminer in French, or entfernen in German, would not do, unless the phrase was of marginal importance in the text (Newmark, 1981 85). These arguments re? ect the two main concerns in Translation Studies, the translatability of metaphors, and procedures to transfer them from a source language into a target language. In equivalence-based approaches, the underlying assumption is that a metaphor, once identi? ed, should ideally be transferred intact from SL to TL. However, cultural differences between SL and TL have often been mentioned as preventing such an intact transfer.For Dagut (1976 22), a metaphor is an individual ? ash of imaginative insight, a creative product of violating the linguistic system, and as such, highly culture speci? c. Its main function is to shock its readers by creating an aesthetic impact. In Daguts view, the effect of shock is to be retained in a translation , and if linguistic and cultural factors hinder this effect, then he maintains that the metaphor cannot be translated.For illustration, he uses Hebrew metaphors translated into English, and shows, for example, how Hebrew metaphors are closely connected to Biblical stories and thus culture speci?c (as in the case of the verb form neekadbound, i. e. , metaphorically, bound like Isaac for the sacri? ce). Most authors agree that the image in the ST cannot always be retained in the TT (e. g. , because the image that is attached to the metaphor is unknown in the TL, or the associations triggered by the SL metaphor get lost in the TL), and subsequently several translation procedures have been suggested as resource solutions to the ideal of reproducing the metaphor intact.For example, van den Broeck (1981 77) lists the following possibilities. 1. Translation sensu stricto (i.e. , transfer of both SL tenor and SL vehicle into TL). 2. Substitution (i. e. , replacement of SL vehicle by a dif ferent TL vehicle with more or less the same tenor). 3. Paraphrase (i. e. , rendering a SL metaphor by a non-metaphorical expression in the TL). Van den Broeck provides these modes of metaphor translation as a tentative scheme, i. e. , as theoretical possibilities. By linking them to categories of metaphor (lexicalized, conventional, and private metaphors) and to their use and functions in texts, he presents some hypotheses about translatability.In the tradition of DTS, van den Broeck sees the task of a translation theory not in prescribing how metaphors should be translated, but in describing and explaining identified solutions. He therefore argues that detailed descriptive studies of how metaphors are actually translated would be required to quiz the suggested modes and his hypotheses. In contrast to van den Broecks descriptive framework, Newmarks translation procedures are presented in a prescriptive way, with the aim of providing principles, restricted rules, and guidelines for translating and translator training.He distinguishes between ? ve ? types of metaphors dead, cliche, acquit, recent, and original. In his discussion of stock metaphors, he proposes seven translation procedures, which have frequently been taken up in the literature. These procedures are arranged in order of preference (Newmark, 1981 ? C. Schaffner / Journal of Pragmatics 36 (2004) 12531269 1257 8791). Newmarks focus is on the linguistic systems, and his arguments can be cogitate to the substitution theory of metaphor (cf. Goatly, 1997 116f). (All examples given here for illustration are Newmarks own examples).1. Reproducing the same image in the TL, e. g. , golden hairgoldenes Haar. 2. Replacing the image in the SL with a standard TL image which does not clash with the ? TL culture, e. g. , other fish to frydautres chats a fouetter. ? 3. Translating metaphor by simile, retaining the image, e. g. , Ces zones cryptuaire ou s ? ? elabore la beaute. The crypt-like areas where beauty is manufactured. According to Newmark, this procedure can modify the shock of the metaphor.4. Translating metaphor (or simile) by simile plus sense (or occasionally a metaphor plus ? sense), e. g., tout un vocabulaire molieresquea whole repertory of medical quackery such as Moliere might have used. Newmark suggests the use of this compromise solution in order to avoid comprehension problems however, it results in a loss of the intended effect.5. Converting metaphor to sense, e. g. , sein Brot verdienento earn ones living. This procedure is recommended when the TL image is too broad in sense or not appropriate to the register. However, emotive aspects may get lost. 6. Deletion, if the metaphor is redundant. 7. Using the same metaphor combined with sense, in order to enforce the image.Toury (1995 81ff) points out that these translation procedures start out from the metaphor as identified in the ST, and that the identified metaphor (the metaphorical expression) is treated as a unit o f translation. He argues that from the perspective of the TT, two additional cases can be identified the use of a metaphor in the TT for a non-metaphorical expression in the ST (non-metaphor into metaphor), and the addition of a metaphor in the TT without any linguistic motivation in the ST (zero into metaphor). This view deals with metaphor not as a translation problem (of the ST), but as a translation solution.In his descriptive study of ? the translation of verb metaphors (for the language pair Swedish and German), Kjar (1988) included such an inverse abridgment as well, but did not go much beyond a presentation of statistical findings. Kurths (1995) findings, too, are derived from a descriptive analysis of actual translations. establish on the interaction theory of metaphor (cf. Goatly, 1997 117ff) and on scenes and frames semantics as applied to translation (Vannerem and Snell-Hornby, 1986), he illustrates how several metaphors interact in the construction of a macro-scene.In German translations of plant by Charles Dickens, he shows which TL frames have been chosen for a SL scene (e. g. , humanizing objects by anthropomorphical metaphors) and what the consequences are for the effect of the text (e. g. , weakening of an image). 3. Metaphors from the cognitive linguistics perspective consequences for Translation Studies The cognitive approach to metaphor, largely initiated by Lakoff and Johnsons Metaphors We Live By (1980), can contribute new insights into translation as well.This approach, however, is only little by little taking root within Translation Studies (e. g. , Al? Harrasi, 2000 Cristofoli et al. , 1998 Schaffner, 1997a, 1998 Stienstra, 1993). The main 1258 ? C. Schaffner / Journal of Pragmatics 36 (2004) 12531269 argument of the cognitive approach is that metaphors are not just decorative elements, but rather, basic resources for thought processes in human society. Metaphors are a means of understanding one domain of experience (a target dom ain) in terms of another (a source domain).The source domain is mapped onto the target domain, whereby the structural components of the base schema are transferred to the target domain (ontological correspondences), thus also allowing for knowledge-based inferences and entailments (epistemic correspondences). Such models are largely encoded and understood in linguistic terms. In cognitive linguistics, the term metaphor is used to refer to this conceptual mapping (e. g. , ANGER IS THE HEAT OF A FLUID IN A CONTAINER),1 and the term metaphorical expression is used to refer to an individual linguistic expression that is based on a conceptualization and thus sanctioned by a mapping (e.g. , I gave vent to my anger).Establishing the conceptualization on which a particular metaphorical expression is based is relevant to translation, too. Such a perspective provides a different answer to the enquire of the translatability of metaphors. Translatability is no longer a question of the individu al metaphorical expression, as identi? ed in the ST, but it becomes think to the level of conceptual systems in source and target culture.In what follows, some implications ofsuch a cognitive approach to metaphors for translation theory and practice are illustrated. On the basis of authentic source and target texts, I describe how translators have handled metaphorical expressions. This description is linked to a consideration of the effects of such translation solutions on the text and its reception by the addressees. The examples come from political texts, and the languages involved are primarily English and German. The focus of this paper is the description and explanation of identi? ed translation solutions.It is thus related to DTS, but, in contrast to van den Broeck, for example, I do not pretend to test pre-established translation schemes or hypotheses. My starting point is authentic TT structures for metaphorical expressions in STs. That is, the description is predominantly product-oriented,2 with the explanation being linked to text, discourse, and culture. In my conclusion, I point out some ways in which the discipline of Translation Studies can contribute to metaphor theory. 4. Metaphor and text In the following two examples, we have an identical metaphorical expression in the ?German ST, Brucke (bridge), but it has been handled differently in the TTs (both extracts come from speeches by the former German Chancellor Helmut Kohl) 1 In this metaphor, ontological correspondences are, for instance, the container is the body, the heat of fluid is the anger epistemic correspondences are then, for instance, when the fluid is heated past a authoritative limit, pressure increases to the point at which the container explodes (source) and when anger increases past a ? certain limit, pressure increases to the point at which the person loses control (cf. Kovecses, 1986 17f).2 A process-oriented analysis, i. e. , an analysis of the actual cognitive processes in the translators mind during the translation act, would add valuable insights as well. Moreover, such a perspective would also test the validity of Lakoff and Johnsons (1980) theory. For example, one could test whether translators, as text receivers and interpreters, actually do access conceptual metaphors when constructing interpretations of metaphorical expressions (cf. Glucksberg, 2001), and how this might influence the decision-making for the TT structure.Research into translation processes (e. g. , most recently Danks et al., 1997 Kussmaul, 2000 Tirkkonen-Condit ? and Jaaskelainen, 2000) has not yet been conducted primarily with metaphors in mind. ? C. Schaffner / Journal of Pragmatics 36 (2004) 12531269 1259 ? ? Wir wollen die Brucke uber den Atlantik auf allen GebietenPolitik und Wirtschaft, Wissenschaft und Kulturfestigen und ausbauen.We aim to strengthen and widen the transatlantic bridge in all spheres, in politics and commerce, science and culture. 3 ? So sind die amerika nischen Soldaten ein wichtiger Teil der Freundschaftsbrucke ? uber den Atlantik geworden. (literally . . . an important component of the translatlantic bridge).The American forces in Germany are thus an important component of transatlantic friendly relationship. (emphasis are mine) How (if at all) can traditional translation procedures account for these different solutions? Applying Newmarks translation procedures, we could say that in the ? rst case, the procedure is metaphor for metaphor (i. e. , reproduction of the image), whereas in the second case the metaphor has been deleted. These texts would be examples of what Newmark calls authoritative texts, and in his guidelines to translators he states that in such texts, metaphors should be preserved.As a second criterion to guide the translators decision, Newmark suggests the importance of the metaphor in the text. The ? rst extract comes from Kohls speech on receiving the unearned Freedom of the City of London (18 February 1998), the second one from his speech at the ceremony at Tempelhof Airport to commemorate the Berlin pinch on the occasion of the ensure of President Clinton (14 May ? 1998). The Berlin Airlift is known in German as Luftbrucke (literally bridge in the air). In the London speech, the 50th day of remembrance of the Airlift is shortly mentioned, but it is not the ? actual topic of the speech.In the Tempelhof speech, however, the Luftbrucke is the actual topic, and it is used frequently in the short text, thus contributing to the structure of the text. Based on these considerations, Newmarks recommendation presumably would be metaphor into same metaphor in the ? rst case, but metaphor into sense in the second case. If we describe this authentic example on the basis of a cognitive approach, ? metaphorical expressions such as Brucke are considered in the light of the metaphorical concept of which they are manifestations, and not as individual idioms to be ?tted into the target text as well as they can (Stienstra, 1993 217).In this case, one and the same historical event was conceptualized in different ways by different cultures, using different metaphors. The source domain of the English airlift is a TRANSPORT domain, focusing on the medium (air), the action, and involving a direction (fromto). In the German ? Luftbrucke, the source domain is an ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURE, focusing on the ? medium and the structural object. As said above, the anniversary of the Luftbrucke is the actual topic of Kohls Tempelhof speech but is the bridge indeed the dominant metaphor in the text as a whole? In other words what is the underlying conceptual metaphor by which ?the metaphorical expression Freundschaftsbrucke is sanctioned? A closer analysis of the text above shows that the argumentation is incorporated around the central idea of AmericanGerman friendship. In the ? rst ? ve paragraphs, Kohl gives an ? account of the historical event itself and of its political signi? cance. Luftbru cke occurs six 3 Translators are ordinarily not identified by name in the case of translations being produced for the German government. 1260 ? C. Schaffner / Journal of Pragmatics 36 (2004) 12531269 times in these ? rst paragraphs, each time translated as Airlift, since each time it is used as a proper name.Kohl then links the historical aspect to the development of American German friendship over the last 50 years, both at a personal level and at the governmental ? level. And it is here that he speaks of the Freundschaftsbrucke (exploiting the bridge image as a rhetorical means for the argumentative function of a political speech) . . . in den vergangenen Jahrzehnten haben rund 7 Millionen amerikanische Soldaten bei uns in Deutschland Dienst getan. Gemeinsam mit ihren Familien waren es etwa 15 Millionen Amerikaner, die fernab ihrer Heimat, ihren Beitrag zur ?Erhaltung von Frieden und Freiheit leisteten . . . . Im taglichen Kontakt mit ihren ? ? deutschen Nachbarn haben sie viele personliche Beziehungen geknupft. Diese wurden ? . . . eines der Fundamente der engen Freundschaft zwischen unseren Volkern. Es ? ? ? sind ja nicht zuletzt die alltaglichen Erfahrungen und Eindrucke, die personlichen und menschlichen Begegnungen, die in diesen Jahrzehnten die deutsch-amerikanischen ? Beziehungen mit Leben erfullt haben. So sind die amerikanischen Soldaten ein ? ? wichtiger Teil der Freundschaftsbrucke uber den Atlantik geworden.4 What we can see from such an analysis is that Kohls speech is structured around a metaphorical understanding of friendship Germany and the regular army are friends. Seeing the state metaphorically as a person seeking friendship involves a metaphorical conception of closeness. Thus, all references in Kohls speech to Kontakte, Beziehungen, Begegnungen (contacts, a wakeless network of personal ties, personal encounters) can be described as metaphorical expressions that are sanctioned by the conceptual metaphors A STATE IS A PERSON and INTI MACY IS CLOSENESS (see also Gibbs comments on primary feather metaphors (Gibbs et al., this issue)).One of the means which allows friends who live far apart to experience close personal contact, is a bridge. A bridge links two endpoints, here the USA and Germany (ontological correspondence), thus providing an opportunity for mutual contact (epistemic correspondence). ? From such a conceptual perspective, we can say that rendering Freundschaftsbrucke as transatlantic friendship does not truly constitute a case of metaphor deletion. The conceptual metaphors A STATE IS A PERSON and INTIMACY IS CLOSENESS are present in both ST and TT.It is these conceptual metaphors that are relevant for the structure of the text and its overall function as a political speech. At the macro-level, the conceptual metaphors are identical in ST and TT, although at the micro-level a speci? c ? metaphorical expression in the ST (Freundschaftsbrucke) has not been rendered in exactly the same way in the TT. H owever, transatlantic friendship in the TT can equally be characterized as a metaphorical expression which is justi? ed by the same conceptual metaphors.4 The authentic English translation of this passage reads as follows Over the past decades some seven one thousand million American servicemen have been stationed in Germany. Together with their families, that makes about 15 million Americans who, in this country far from home, have helped, . . . to safeguard peace and liberty. In their day-to-day contacts with Germans the American community here has built up a dense network of personal ties central to the close friendship between our two nations.It is not least this wealth of personal encounters, these everyday impressions andexperiences which make GermanAmerican relations a meaningful part of daily life. The American forces in Germany are thus an important component of transatlantic friendship. ? C. Schaffner / Journal of Pragmatics 36 (2004) 12531269 1261 If we take a cognitive approach, a ? rst aspect of metaphors in translation can therefore be described as follows not all individual manifestations of a conceptual metaphor in a source text are accounted for in the target text by using the same metaphorical expression.This argument is in line with one of Stienstras (1993) ? ndings. On the basis of several Bible translations into English and Dutch, she illustrates that the conceptual metaphor YHWH IS THE HUSBAND OF HIS PEOPLE, which is a central metaphor of the Old Testament, was preserved at the macro-level, even if speci? c textual manifestations were changed or not accounted for in each individual case. There is another example in Kohls Tempelhof speech which provides insights into strategic uses of metaphors and their treatment in translation.In elaborating on German American partnership in the world of today and tomorrow, Kohl says ? Unser Ziel, Herr Prasident, ist es, den Bau des Hauses Europa zu vollenden. Dabei wollen wir, da? unsere amerikanische n Freunde in diesem Haus auf Dauer ihre feste Wohnung haben. (literally . . . We want our American friends to have a permanent apartment in this house. Our goal is to complete the construction of the European housewith a permanent right of residence for our American friendsand enable the family of European nations to live together side by side in lasting peace.(italics are mine) From a cognitive perspective, we can say that the metaphorical expressions Haus Europa, Haus, and feste Wohnung are all sanctioned by the underlying conceptual metaphor EUROPE IS A HOUSE, which is an example of an ontological metaphor (Lakoff and Johnson, 1980).Whereas in the ST, the structural elements have been lexicalized, the TT has made the entailments of the source domain explicit that is, an apartment ensures a right of residence, and these are epistemic correspondences. two ST and TT remain within the conceptual metaphor of a house, while the additional information in the TT(and enable the family of European nations to live together side by side in lasting peace) can be seen as elaborating on this metaphor, thus also providing a conceptual link to the metaphor INTIMACY IS CLOSENESS which structures Kohls speech.Identifying metaphors and describing target text pro? les is a legitimate research aim for a translation scholar. An additional question concerns the causes and effects of particular translations (cf. Chesterman, 1998). I will illustrate this ? rst, by reference to the Haus Europa again, and then by commenting on the effects of a speci? c translation solution (fester Kernhard core).Such an analysis needs to put the text into its historical context, accounting for its function, its addressees, etc. Metaphor is, thus, no longer a translation phenomenon of one particular text, but becomes an intertextual phenomenon. 5. Metaphor as an intertextual phenomenon The metaphorical expression Haus Europa ? gured prominently in the discourse of Helmut Kohl in the 1990s, speci? ca lly with reference to issues of European integration. Actually, the metaphor of the special K European house was introduced into political discourse in the mid-1980s by the then leader of the Soviet Union Mikhail Gorbachev.As a 1262 ? C. Schaffner / Journal of Pragmatics 36 (2004) 12531269 re? ection of the new political thinking in the Communist Party under Gorbachev, the conceptual metaphor EUROPE IS A HOUSE was to represent the idea of all European states, East and West of the Iron Curtain, living and working together in peaceful coexistence. The base schema for Gorbachevs metaphor was a multi-story apartment block with several entrances, in which several families live, each in their own ? ats (i. e. , the prototypical house in bigger Russian towns).In his own discourse, Gorbachev hardly elaborated on the structural elements of a house, but most frequently stressed the rules and norms for living together in this common house. The rules of the house have to guarantee that every family can live their own lives, without interference from their neighbours, so that the common house is protected and kept in order (cf. Chilton, 1996 ? Schaffner, 1996). The Russian metaphorical expression dom was rendered as house in English5 and as Haus in German political discourse in reporting on Gorbachevs new political ideas and aims, which were not readily welcomed in Western European countries.But more often than being rejected outright, the metaphor EUROPE IS A HOUSE was taken up and conceptually challenged. In British political discourse (especially in the second half of the 1980s), the structural aspects dominated in the argumentation, determined by features of the prototypical English house. That is, there are references to detached and semi-detached houses, to fences, and to questions such as who is to live in which room or on which ? oor.

Caring for populations Essay

IntroductionA society health blow must be effective in tar abbreviateing the existence as a whole. The nurse will determine the needs for the corporation by using the information compiled from a windshield adopt. As stated in the text, A population center on also involves a scientific approach to community health nursing an assessment of the community or population is necessary and basic to planning, intervention, and evaluation for the individual, family, aggregate, and population levels (Nies & McEwen, 2011). The purpose of this paper is to establish a priority health problem of the community of Harlingen, based on demographic, epidemiological data and a windshield survey of the area. participationThe community assessment for this project is Harlingen, Texas. check to the 2010 United States Census Bureau, its population is about 64,918 of which 47.8% are male and 52.2% are female. The density is approximately 1629.1 residents per significant mile. The racial makeup is 1. 0% Black or African American, 79.5% Hispanic or Latino, 18.0% White, 1.9% from two or more races, 1.3% Asian, 0.1% Native American. The median household income, 2008-2012 was $34,096 in Harlingen, compared to $51,563 in the state of Texas.The percentage of persons below poverty level from 2008-2012 was 33.2% in Harlingen, compared to 17.4% in Texas. The city of Harlingen is in the center of the Rio Grande Valley. It is a community which has a transient population of Winter Texans. These Winter Texans are generally retirees from the northern states, who come to the warmer climates to escapethe winter weather of their home states, usually between November and March. Harlingen has one mall, two medical hospitals and one mental health state facility, two libraries, one community college and numerous schools from primary to high school levels. Demographic and EpidemiologicalAccording to the website, County Health Rankings & Roadmaps, for Cameron County in 2014, teen pregnancy is measure d by the teen birth rate per 1,000 female population, ages 15-19. The number for Cameron county teen births is 80, the number for Texas as a state is 57. There is poor quality of life in relation to health in Cameron County. 30% of the population has poor or fair health, compared to 18% in Texas. Cameron County also has an adult obesity rate of 27%, 21% of physical inactiveness while there is 69% of get to to exercise opportunities. 16% of the population suffers from excessive drinking and 396 counts of sexually transmitted infections. 36% of the population is uninsured, 86% graduated high school, 10.5% are unemployed and there are a whopping 48% of children in poverty, which has increased from the 2008-2012 numbers. The top causes of mortality in Texas are diseases of the heart, followed by Cancers and Respiratory diseases.Windshield surveyDuring the observation of Harlingen for the Windshield eyeshot project, overweight residents were visible. The majority of the population is Hispanics, most were slightly overweight and appear relatively levelheaded. There are nursing homes and assisted living facilities in the community and they are mainly Hispanic and White older adults who are a mix of thin and frail to obese and unhealthy. Women are seen pushing strollers on the continue trails, while the young children play in the parks. There are groups of teens who play football and basketball in the same area. In the residential areas, some mickle can be seen outside maintaining their properties, while other properties are dilapidated.The general appearance of the residents are healthy, with some being overweight. I have seen a hardly a(prenominal) multimedia billboards for the local hospital, which is displaying an ad for bariatric surgery, which is appropriate for the current overweight population. Harlingen has some city parks and Boys and Girls clubs and numerous gyms in the area that are heavily utilized. The restaurants in thearea are mainly along the e xpressway and lining the few main streets around town. There is no aliment sold along the street, plainly people can be seen sitting in the parks eating meals. In Harlingen, the population is overweight Hispanics and Whites who have access to healthcare and wellness measures, as it is advertised constantly. There is adequate transportation and resources available for the population.ProblemAs stated before, Cameron County has an adult obesity rate of 27%, 21% of physical inactivity while there is 69% of access to exercise opportunities. While the averages for the state of Texas are 29%, 24% and 74%, respectively. Cameron County also has a limited access to healthy foods, 16% and 21% food insecurity and a mere 17% of children are eligible for free lunch. Since Harlingen and Cameron County have high obesity order compared to the rest of the state, the Healthy People 2020 objectives applicable for Harlingen include NWS-11 (Developmental) Prevent inappropriate weight gain in youth and adults and NWS-9 Eliminate very low food security among children. (Healthy People 2020, 2014) While these are two distinct objectives they are connected, much education will be need to be done to view change. The community needs to be educated and held accountable for their actions, at times they are unaware of how much damage an unhealthy diet can do.The Community Health Nurse must prepare for these challenges and have a good understanding of how to present information that will gain the interest of the population. A community health nurse must be well versed in the numerous efforts that are starting to prevent childhood obesity. There are reinvigorated physical education requirements, nutrition standards for beverages and foods sold in school, to community initiatives to expand bike paths and improve recreational facilities (Koplan, Liverman &Kraak, 2005). Families need to make their homes to more conducive to a healthful diet and daily physical activity (Koplan, Liverman &Kraa k, 2005).The nurse will need to get out to the community via health fairs, school assemblies, media outlets, etc. to get the message out there. Education on making healthy choices, getting adequate exercise and making small adjustments to their daily lives will help. According to the article, carnal knowledge and Absolute Availability of Healthier Food and Beverage Alternatives AcrossCommunities in the United States, there was a study that was conducted on 3 years of data from the Bridging the Gap Community Obesity Measures Project. It stated the mean healthier food and beverage ratio was 0.71, meaning that stores averaged 29% fewer healthier than less healthy products. There were less availability of healthy alternatives in Hispanic communities (2014).SummaryThe community health nurse needs to be an expert in assessing and diagnose health concerns in the community to be able to set realistic goals that will maintain the health of the population. Health promotion, education and co mmunity involvement are crucial. livelihoodal education is essential and must include parents, teachers, and the child (Nies & McEwen, 2011). The community should know and understand the food pyramid, how to make healthy choices and the importance of balancing pulmonary tuberculosis and exercise.ReferencesCounty Health Rankings & Roadmaps. (n.d.). Retrieved November 20, 2014, from http//www.countyhealthrankings.org/app/texas/2014/rankings/cameron/county/outcomes/overall/snapshot Koplan, J., Liverman, C.T., Kraak, V.I., & Institute of Medicine, (.(U.S.). (2005). Preventing Childhood Obesity Health in the Balance. Washington, D.C. National Academies Press. Nies, M. A., & McEwen, M. (2011). Community/Public Health Nursing (5th ed.). MO Elsevier. Nutrition and Weight Status. (n.d.). Retrieved November 20, 2014, from http//www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topics-objectives/topic/nutrition-and-weight-status/objectives United States Census Bureau. (n.d.). Retrieved November 20, 2014, from http //quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/48/4832372.html Zenk,S.N., Powell, L.M., Rimkus, L., Isgor,Z., Barker,D.C., Ohri-Vachaspati,P., & Chaloupka, F. (2014). Relative and Absolute Availability of Healthier Food and Beverage Alternatives Across Communities in the United States. American Journal Of Public Health, 104(11), 2170-2178. doi10.2105/AJPH.2014-302113

Project Quality and Risk Management

Phase 5-DB Project Quality and Risk Management PM610-Project Management, Execution, and conclusion Risk is best defined basically as the potential to suffer a loss of about sort. Risk abridgment is the process of defining and analyzing the dangers to individuals, businesses and government agencies posed by potential natural and human-caused unfortunate events. In IT, a adventure analysis report can be used to align technology-related objectives with a companys business objectives.A risk analysis report can be either three-figure or qualitative. (Search Mid-Market gage 2010). Now that we understand what risk analysis is, ley us examine the two types qualitative and quantitative. qualitative risk analysis is the most popular and does not involve any numericalal probabilities or predictions of loss. The qualitative regularity certainly does involve defining the various threats, determining the extent of vulnerabilities and devising countermeasures should an attack occur.Quantit ative risk analysis attempts to numerically determine the probabilities of various adverse events to the likelihood of the losses if it is a particular event that takes place. Qualitative risk analysis is appropriate to use when you need to determine which risk are important profuse to manage. On way is to identify the severity of the impact to the project in terms of high, medium, or start. likewise when you want to estimate the probability of the risk occurring in terms of high, medium, or low.So getting a vigorous estimate, not so much as counting them, will help to gauge how the project is doing in the project life cycle. Quantitative risk analysis is appropriate to use when your objective is to calculate the numeric values for each component of the data gathered during the risk assessment and the cost benefit analysis. For example, the trustworthy value of each business addition in terms is estimated in terms of what it would cost to supervene upon it, what it would cost i n terms of lost productivity, what it would cost in terms of brand reputation, and other lay and indirect business values.The process requires the user to attempt to use the same objectivity when computing asset exposure, cost of controls, and all of the other values that are identified during the risk management process. (Information Network and Security, 2013) For the IRTC guest service system project, I think I will use both the qualitative and quantitative risk analysis methods to some degree. Using the qualitative risk method will take into musing the additional funds and resources needed as well as the extra hours it will take to neck the add-on to the project.The quantitative method will help manage the risk factor whether high, medium, or low to show the vendors, the project team and management what to tackle first. This will be especially helpful as the change request is going through appropriations. References Rouse, Margaret (2010). Definition Risk Analysis Retrieved on 19 border 2013, from www. searchmidmarketsecurity. techtarget/com The Security Practitioner (2013). An Introduction to Information, Network and Security. Quantitative Risk Assessment. Retrieved on 20 March 2013, from www. security. practitioner. com

Facebook Comments Essay

The topic project Relations Boards most recent decision demonstrates that not all employee complaisant media posts are protected by the National Labor Relations Act. Questions remain, however, about the extent to which employees can be disciplined over social media activity We can expect the NLRB to continue to address the topic of employee rights as they relate to social media. Employers should review their employee handbooks and employment policies to ensure compliance with the NLRA and the NLRBs jurisprudence. Employers should similarly consider didactics managers about permissible and prohibited conduct under the NLRA. Finally, employers should consider conducting their own education programs, including reminding employees of social media policies.1. DOES AN EMPLOYEEE HAS any LEGAL RIGHT TO DESCIPLINE OR DISCHARGE AN EMPLOYEE OVER COMMENT ABOUT THE COMPANY? In my discernment addressing employee terminations resulting from Facebook posts, the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) determines that the comments were plan activity protected by the National Labor Relations Act (NRLA or Act). This latest decision reinforces that employers must exercise caution before terminating or disciplining employees as a result of their comments on social media. The answer is no. Employers should take note of the NLRBs continued focus on social media policies and its view of social media activity as akin to wet cooler conversation. The decision should prompt all employers to evaluate their policies regarding employee social media usage and speech outside the workplace. Employers should also train supervisory personnel on how to respond to the increased use of social media.2. would you willing to descend the charges voluntarily would you do so or insist on legal right to a schematic NLRB HEARING ON THE CHARGES? I would insist on my legal right to a formal hear with the NLRB. The NLRBs main concern is that any restrictions employers put on workers social media condu ct do not violate their rights under Section 7 of the National Labor Relations Act to engage in protected concerted activity, such as discussing the terms and conditions of their employment with co-workers, even on Facebook. But that does not mean you have to let your employees run amok online.Your constitution is more likely to survive examen if you have made an effort to provide specific examples of what is and is not acceptable conduct. Here are somewhat examples from the recent steerage on social media policies that are employee-tested, NLRB-approved Prohibiting harassment, bullying, discrimination or retaliation, even at kinsfolk or after business hours. Informing workers that they are more likely to resolve complaints by utterance with co-workers or going through the company, rather than bill sticker grievances online. Forbidding inappropriate postings, specifically threats of violence or discriminatory remarks. Instructing employees not to reveal trade secrets or confi dential information, as long as you decimal point the kind of information you mean, so theres no chance of the policy being select to restrict Section 7 rights. 3. DID THE COMPANY COMMIT UNFAIR LABOR ACT?An employee was discharged lawfully after posting negative comments on Facebook critical of patient care, because the employees postings were merely an expression of singular gripes, as opposed to protected concerted activity. In this case, at least several coworkers responded to the posting however, their messages forgeed that the posting was undivided and not group activity. The NLRB also rejects a policy requiring company approval for employees to identify themselves as employees on social networking sites or requiring the employees to state that their comments are their personal opinions and do not necessarily reflect the employers opinions. Not surprisingly, the NLRB also found it is unlawful to discharge any employee pursuant to an overbroad social media policy prohibit ing disclosure of private or confidential information of an early(a) employee because the policy did not provide guidance on what the employer considered confidential. This is how I feel it was unfair poke actA policy prohibiting employees from making pick apart comments when discussing the employer or its supervisors was unlawful because the policy did not make clear that it did not prohibit protected concerted activity. The discharge of a paramedic i who posted demeaning comments concerning her employers clientele was lawful because there was no evidence of protected concerted activity the comments did not mention any terms or conditions of employment, the posting was not discussed with any coworkers, and the comments were not for the purpose of inducing group activity or an effect of collective concerns of the employee or her coworkers. The NLRBs recent report provides helpful guidance to employers not wishing to bring potential NLRB cases, including the followingCommunicatio ns that are not concerted are generally not protected.However, the cases spotlight that a finding of concerted activity might turn on evidence not quickly available to the employer, so caution is warranted. Communications that are concerted (i.e., that are not merely an individual gripe) on matters of mutual concern to employees are likely to be found to be protected by the NLRA. Communications that are protected do not become unprotected simply because the comments are communicated via the internet and/or because they might be read by nonemployees as well. Communications that are protected do not become unprotected just because they contain some critical (about the employer) or otherwise obnoxious language. An association policy that, reasonably interpreted, would tend to chill employees in the exercise of their rights under the NLRA is likely to be found unlawful by the NLRB if it is challenged. Given this new focus on social media, employers should1) Review their applicable e mployment policies to ensure that they are not overbroad and do not constitute potential unfair labor practices. 2) Proceed cautiously when determining whether to discipline an employee because of his or her comments in postings on Facebook, Twitter or other social media.

Frostbite Chapter 22

TWENTY-TWOHORROR AND spite CONSUMED ME, so much so that I thought my soul would shrivel, that the world would end right whence and there- because surely, surely it couldnt keep going on after this. No one could keep going on after this. I precious to exclaim my pain to the universe. I wanted to cry until I melted. I wanted to sink down beside Mason and die with him.Elena released me, apparently deciding I posed no danger positioned as I was surrounded by her and Isaiah. She turned toward Masons body.And I stopped feeling. I only when acted.Dont. Touch. Him. I didnt recognize my own voice.She rolled her look. Good rue, youre annoying. Im started to see Isaiahs point- you do need to suffer stunned look dying. move away, she knelt down to the floor and flipped Mason over onto his back.Dont touch him I screamed. I shoved her with little effect. She shoved back, nearly smash me over. It was tout ensemble I could do to steady my feet and stay upright.Isaiah looked on with amu sed interest then his esteem fell to the floor. Lissas chotki had fallen out of my coat pocket. He picked it up. Strigoi could touch holy objects- the stories about them fearing crosses werent true. They incisively couldnt take part holy ground. He flipped the cross over and ran his fingers over the etched dragon.Ah, the Dragomirs, he mused. Id forgotten about them. informal to. Theres what, one? Two of them left? Barely worth remembering. Those horrible red eye focused on me. Do you know any of them? Ill gather in to see to them one of these days. It wont be very hard to- Suddenly, I heard an explosion. The aquarium burst apart as water shot out of it, shattering the glass. Pieces of it flew toward me, entirely I barely noticed. The water coalesced in the air, forming a lopsided sphere. It began to float. Toward Isaiah. I mat my tantalize drop as I stared at it.He watched it too, more puzzled than scared. At least until it imprisoned around his face and started suffocating him.Much like the bul permits, suffocation wouldnt kill him. But it could cause him a hell of a lot of discomfort.His give flew to his face, desperately trying to pry the water away. It was no use. His fingers simply slipped through. Elena forgot about Mason and jumped to her feet.What is it? she shrieked. She shook him in an equally useless effort to free him. Whats happening?Again, I didnt feel. I acted. My hand closed around a large piece of glass from the broken aquarium. It was erose and sharp, cutting into my hand.Sprinting forward, I plunged the shard into Isaiahs chest, aiming for the heart Id worked so hard to find in practice. Isaiah emitted a strangle scream through the water and collapsed to the floor. His eyes rolled back in his head as he blacked out from the pain.Elena stared, as shocked as Id been when Isaiah had killed Mason. Isaiah wasnt dead, of course, but he was temporarily down for the count. Her face intelligibly showed she hadnt thought that was possible .The smart thing at that point would occupy been to run toward the door and the suns off the hook(predicate)ty. Instead, I ran in the opposite direction, toward the fireplace. I grabbed one of the antique s interchanges and turned back toward Elena. I didnt have far to go, because shed acquire herself and was heading toward me.Snarling with rage, she tried to grab me. I had never trained with a sword, but I had been taught to contend with any exculpateshift weapon I could find. I used the sword to keep distance between us, my motions clumsy but effective for the time being.White fangs flashed in her mouth. I am going to make you- Suffer, pay, regret I was ever born? I suggested.I remembered fighting with my mom, how Id been on the defensive the intact time. That wouldnt work this time. I had to attack. Jabbing forward, I tried to land a blow on Elena. No luck. She anticipated my every move.Suddenly, from behind her, Isaiah groaned as he started to light around. She glanced ba ck, the smallest of motions that let me swipe the sword crosswise her chest. It cut the fabric of her shirt and grazed the skin, but nothing more. ease, she flinched and looked down in panic. I phone the glass going through Isaiahs heart was still fresh in her mind.And that was what I really needed.I mustered all my strength, drew back, and swung.The swords blade hit the side of her neck, hard and deep. She gave a horrible, sickening cry, a shriek that made my skin crawl. She tried to move toward me. I pulled back and hit again. Her hands clutched at her throat, and her knees gave way. I struck and struck, the sword digging deeper into her neck each time. Cutting off soulfulnesss head was harder than Id thought it would be. The old, muffled sword probably wasnt helping.But finally, I gained luxuriant sense to realize she wasnt moving. Her head lay there, uninvolved from her body, her dead eyes looking up at me as though she couldnt cerebrate what had happened. That made card inal of us.Someone was screaming, and for a surreal second, I thought it was still Elena. Then I displace my eyes and looked across the room. Mia stood in the doorway, eyes bugging out and skin tinged green like she might throw up. Distantly, in the back of my mind, I realized she was the one whod made the aquarium explode. urine magic apparently wasnt surly after all.Still a bit shaken, Isaiah tried to rise to his feet. But I was on him in front he could fully manage it. The sword sang out, wreaking blood and pain with each blow. I felt like an old pro now. Isaiah fell back to the floor. In my mind, I kept seeing him knock Masons neck, and I hacked and hacked as hard as I could, as though striking fiercely enough might somehow banish the memory.Rose RoseThrough my hate-filled haze, I just barely spy Mias voice.Rose, hes deadSlowly, shakily, I held back the next blow and looked down at his body- and the head no prolonged attached to it. She was right. He was dead. Very, very dead.I looked at the rest of the room. There was blood everywhere, but the abhorrence of it didnt really register with me. My world had slowed down, slowed down to two very simple tasks. Kill the Strigoi. Protect Mason. I couldnt process anything else.Rose, whispered Mia. She was trembling, her words filled with fear. She was afraid of me, not the Strigoi. Rose, we have to go. Come on.I dragged my eyes away from her and looked down at Isaiahs remains. After several moments, I crawled over to Masons body, still clutching the sword.No, I croaked out. I cant leave him. Other Strigoi might come.My eyes burned like I desperately wanted to cry. I couldnt verbalise for sure. The bloodlust still pounded in me, violence and rage the only emotions I was capable of anymore.Rose, well come back for him. If other Strigoi are coming, we have to drop dead out.No, I repeated, not even looking at her. Im not leaving him. I wont leave him alone. With my free hand, I stroked Masons hair.Rose- I jer ked my head up. Get out I screamed at her. Get out, and leave us alone.She took a few steps forward, and I lifted the sword. She froze.Get out, I repeated. Go find the others.Slowly, Mia backed up toward the door. She gave me one last, desperate look in front running outside.Silence fell, and I relaxed my hold on the sword but refused to let it go. My body sagged forward, and I rested my head on Masons chest. I became oblivious to everything to the world around me, to time itself. Seconds could have passed. Hours could have passed. I didnt know. I didnt know anything except that I couldnt leave Mason alone. I existed in an alter state, a state that just barely kept the terror and grief at bay. I couldnt believe Mason was dead. I couldnt believe Id just summoned death. So long as I refused to acknowledge either, I could pretend they hadnt happened.Footsteps and voices eventually sounded, and I lifted my head up. People poured in through the door, lots of them. I couldnt really make out any of them. I didnt need to. They were threats, threats I had to keep Mason safe from. A couple of them approached me, and I leapt up, lifting the sword and holding it protectively over his body. preventative back, I warned. Stay away from him.They kept coming.Stay back I yelled. They stopped. Except for one.Rose, came a soft voice. Drop the sword.My hands shook. I swallowed. Get away from us.Rose.The voice spoke again, a voice that my soul would have know anywhere. Hesitantly, I let myself finally become aware of my surroundings, let the details sink in. I let my eyes focus on the features of the man standing there. Dimitris brown eyes, gentle and firm, looked down on me.Its okay, he give tongue to. Everythings going to be okay. You can let go of the sword.My hands shook even harder as I fought to hold on to the hilt. I cant. The words hurt coming out. I cant leave him alone. I have to protect him.You have, verbalise Dimitri.The sword fell out of my hands, landing with a l oud clatter on the wooden floor. I followed, collapsing on all fours, wanting to cry but still unable to.Dimitris fortify wrapped around me as he helped me up. Voices swarmed around us, and one by one, I recognized battalion I knew and trusted. He started to tug me toward the door, but I refused to move just yet. I couldnt. My hands clutched his shirt, crumpling the fabric. Still keeping one arm around me, he smoothed my hair back away from my face. I leaned my head against him, and he continued stroking my hair, murmuring something in Russian. I didnt understand a word of it, but the gentle tone soothed me.Guardians were spreading throughout the house, examining it inch by inch. A couple of them approached us and knelt by the bodies I refused to look at.She did that? Both of them?That sword hasnt been sharpened in yearsA unusual sound caught in my throat. Dimitri squeezed my shoulder comfortingly.Get her out of here, Belikov, I heard a woman say behind him, her voice familiar.Di mitri squeezed my shoulder again. Come on, Roza. Its time to go.This time, I went. He guided me out of the house, holding onto me as I managed each agonizing step. My mind still refused to really process what had happened. I couldnt do much more than follow simple directions from those around me.I eventually ended up on one of the Academys jets. Engines roared around us as the plane lifted off. Dimitri murmured something about coming back soon and left me alone in my seat. I stared straight ahead, studying the details of the seat in front of me.Someone sat beside me and draped a blanket over my shoulders. I noticed then just how badly I was shivering. I tugged at the edges of the blanket.Im cold, I said. How am I so cold?Youre in shock, Mia answered.I turned and looked at her, studying her blond curls and big blue eyes. Something about seeing her unleashed my memories. It all tumbled back. I squeezed my eyes shut.Oh God, I breathed. I opened my eyes and focused on her again. You r escue me- saved me when you blew up the fish tank. You shouldnt have done it. You shouldnt have come back.She shrugged. You shouldnt have gone for the sword.Fair point. convey you, I told her. What you did I never would have thought of that. It was brilliant.I dont know about that, she mused, smiling ruefully. Water isnt much of a weapon, remember?I choked on a laugh, even though I really didnt find my old words that funny. Not anymore.Waters a great weapon, I said finally. When we get back, well have to practice ways to use it.Her face lit up. Fierceness shone out from her eyes. Id like that. more than anything.Im sorry sorry about your mom.Mia simply nodded. Youre lucky to still have yours. You dont know how lucky.I turned and stared at the seat again. The next words out of my mouth startled me I wish she was here.She is, said Mia, sounding surprised. She was with the group that raided the house. Didnt you see her?I shook my head.We lapsed into silence. Mia stood up and left. A minute later, someone else sat down beside me. I didnt have to see her to know who she was. I just knew.Rose, said my mother. For at one time in my life, she sounded unsure of herself. Scared, maybe. Mia said you wanted to see me. I didnt answer. I didnt look at her. Whatwhat do you need?I didnt know what I needed. I didnt know what to do. The stinging in my eyes grew unbearable, and before I knew it, I was crying. Big, painful sobs seized my body. The tears Id held back so long poured down my face. The fear and grief Id refused to let myself feel finally burst free, burning in my chest. I could scarcely breathe.My mother identify her arms around me, and I buried my face in her chest, sobbing even harder.I know, she said softly, tightening her grip on me. I understand.